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INTRODUCTION:

                     The concept of a computer program capable of reproducing itself was first mentioned by John von Neumann in 1949 through his essay "Theory of self-reproducing automata”. Later, Fred Cohen in 1983  coined the term virus in his research paper as "a computer program that can affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself." Today, a computer virus is a software program, script, or macro that has been designed to infect, destroy, modify, or cause other problems with a computer or software programs. Users can protect themselves and remove any viruses on the computer by installing an antivirus protection program, which is designed to detect, protect, and clean any computer viruses.

               The first virus program was written by Rich Skrenta in 1982 who was a 15-year old high school student. It was Known as The Elk Cloner .this virus spread to other computers by monitoring the floppy drive and copying itself to any floppy diskette that was inserted into the computer.

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER VIRUS:

                  A computer virus is a computer program that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another connected to it. This connection can be over the Internet, a corporate network, or on a floppy disk. When a virus "infects" a computer, it can alter, damage, or delete the files. It might even destroy the computer's hard drive.

                  A true virus can spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance when a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive.

                 As stated above, the term "computer virus" is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware, even those that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other computers through networks, while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but hides malicious functions. Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a computer system's data or performance.

CAUSES OF VIRUS INFECTION:

                        Computer viruses are most easily spread by attachments in e-mail messages or by instant messaging messages. Therefore, never open an e-mail attachment unless you know who sent the message or unless you are expecting the e-mail attachment. Computer viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Computer viruses also spread by using downloads on the Internet. Computer viruses can be hidden in pirated software or in other files or programs that you may download.

Infections spread from machine to machine, and from organization to organization, in a number of ways.

Viruses can be transmitted by:

·         Booting a PC from an infected medium.

·         Executing an infected program.

·         Opening an infected file.

Common routes for virus infiltration include:

·         Floppy disks or other media that users can exchange.

·         Email attachments.

·         Pirated software.

·         Shareware.

  

SYMPTOMS OF A COMPUTER VIRUS

If you suspect or confirm that your computer is infected with a computer virus, obtain the current antivirus software. The following are some primary indicators that a computer may be infected: 

• The computer runs slower than usual.
• The computer stops responding, or it locks up frequently.
• The computer crashes, and then it restarts every few minutes.
• The computer restarts on its own. Additionally, the computer does not run as usual.
• Applications on the computer do not work correctly.
• Disks or disk drives are inaccessible.
• You cannot print items correctly.
• You see unusual error messages.
• You see distorted menus and dialog boxes.
• There is a double extension on an attachment that you recently opened, such as a .jpg, .vbs, .gif, or .exe. extension.
• An antivirus program is disabled for no reason. Additionally, the antivirus program cannot be restarted.
• An antivirus program cannot be installed on the computer, or the antivirus program will not run.
• New icons appear on the desktop that you did not put there, or the icons are not associated with any recently installed programs.
• Strange sounds or music plays from the speakers unexpectedly.
• A program disappears from the computer even though you did not intentionally remove the program.

 ANTI-VIRUS MEASURES

 

The fight against computer viruses involves five kinds of  counter-measure:

• Preparation includes making backups of all software (including operating systems) and making a contingency plan.
•  Prevention includes creating user awareness, implementing hygiene rules, using disk authorization software, or providing isolated 'quarantine' PCs.
•  Detection involves the use of anti-virus software to detect report and (sometimes) disinfect viruses.
• Containment involves identifying and isolating the infected items.
• Recovery involves disinfecting or removing infected items, and recovering or replacing corrupted data.

PREVENTIVE   MEASURES

                  The best solution for computer viruses is, of course, to avoid coming down with an infection in the first place. Here are some basic preventive measures.
Antivirus software is only one component of a good security posture. Understand risky behaviors and adopt good habits that will minimize your risk of infection.

	·         Don't use Internet Explorer as your main browser.
	·         Put a firewall between your internal network and the Internet. A firewall's job is to keep out those billions of people who can be at your doorstep instantaneously. It will only allow those you invite to knock on your computer's door.
	·         Use a Firewall on each individual computer. The network firewall mentioned above is a big step toward protecting the internal network.
	·         Update the operating system and browsers. Security holes are constantly found in all operating systems and all browsers. Software updates patch these holes.
	·         Install an anti-virus program and Update your anti-virus software regularly. You may also need to update the product's scanning engine as well.
	·         Back up your files on a regular basis. If a virus destroys your files, at least you can replace them with your back-up copy. ·         Never open up an attachment from any e-mail message that you weren’t expecting or don't recognize the sender's name ·         Download files only from companies and people that you know and trust.

CURATIVE MEASURES

The nature of the problem created by viruses makes it impossible to prescribe a panacea for

removing viruses from computer systems. Computer systems affected by a virus attack would

need to be investigated at a very detailed level by technical staff with a good understanding of

microcomputer operating systems and disk formats. Although names have been given to some

of the more widespread viruses, there is no reason to assume that the same program structure

would be found for all versions of any named  virus. There is no guarantee that an `anti-Brain

virus' program would work against all strains of the `Brain' virus for example.  It is noted that

anti-virus packages are produced on the basis of known viruses. Therefore, any anti-virus

packages cannot treat a newly discovered virus.

The following steps should be taken if a virus attack is suspected.

a)      Identify and isolate microcomputer and disks which could be affected.

b)      Seek the advice of a specialist to perform the following tasks:

                                i.   Identification of viral code on affected disks

                              ii.   Removal of viral code from all affected disks

                            iii.   Evaluation of the integrity of data files and correction of data where necessary.

                            iv.   Review of the security procedures to ensure that the risk of future virus attack is minimized.

c)      Determine how the virus was introduced to the system.

REFERENCE.    

1. http://www.programmersheaven.com/user/jacobluis/blog/1329-Causes-effects-and-prevention-from-a-Computer-Virus/     
2.  http://www.sophos.com/en-us/press-office/press-releases/1998/05/va_virusesintro.asp    
3. http://www.itsmycomp.com/what-causes-computer-viruses   
4.  http://support.microsoft.com/kb/12997 
5.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus    
6.  http://www.computerhope.com/vqanda.htm      
7. http://timmytea.150m.com/id41.htm.